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Hepatitis F is a hypothetical virus linked to viral hepatitis. Several hepatitis F candidates emerged in the 1990s; however, none of these claims were substantiated. [1] [2] [3] In 1994, Niren Deka et al. reported that novel viral particles had been discovered in the stool of post-transfusion, non-hepatitis A, non-hepatitis B, non-hepatitis C ...
Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. [17] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. [30]
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virus; it belongs to the genus Deltavirus. HDV is similar to a satellite virus as it can only propagate in the presence of the hepatitis B virus, depending on the helper function of HBV for its replication and expression. It has no independent life cycle, but can survive ...
A 2010 review study by Puren et al. [2] categorizes viral load testing into three types: (1) nucleic acid amplification based tests (NATs or NAATs) commercially available in the United States with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, or on the market in the European Economic Area (EEA) with the CE marking; (2) "Home–brew" or in-house NATs; (3) non-nucleic acid-based test.
Hepadnaviridae [a] is a family of viruses. [2] Humans, apes, and birds serve as natural hosts. There are currently 18 species in this family, divided among 5 genera. [3] Its best-known member is hepatitis B virus.
In comparison, the genomes of the smallest known viruses capable of causing an infection by themselves are around 2,000 nucleotides long. [ 88 ] In 1976, Sanger et al. [ 89 ] presented evidence that potato spindle tuber viroid is a "single-stranded, covalently closed, circular RNA molecule, existing as a highly base-paired rod-like structure ...
Once inside the cell, the virus leaves the host vesicle by which it was taken up and thus gains access to the cytoplasm. Examples of viruses that enter this way include the poliovirus, hepatitis C virus, [14] and foot-and-mouth disease virus. [15] Many enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, also enter the cell through endocytosis. Entry via the ...
The virus wraps its delicate nucleic acid with a protein shell known as the capsid, from the Latin capsa, meaning "box," in order to shield it from this hostile environment. Similar to how numerous bricks come together to form a wall, the capsid is made up of one or more distinct protein types that repeatedly repeat to form the whole capsid.