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Spatial inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income and resources across geographical regions. [1] Attributable to local differences in infrastructure, [2] geographical features (presence of mountains, coastlines, particular climates, etc.) and economies of agglomeration, [3] such inequality remains central to public policy discussions regarding economic inequality more broadly.
Traditional political ideology promotes merit-based inequality. Official propaganda emphasizes that economic development requires some people to get rich first, and the resulting inequality is the price this society pays for development. [6] China's traditional political consciousness promotes inequality based on performance.
Thus, while political attempts have been made to empower women, cultural and economic traditions fuel gender discrimination in China. However, while many authors highlight the evidence for gender inequality, other scholars find opposite results claiming that Chinese society does not favor men.
The early 1950s witnessed a decrease in spatial inequality as the party endeavored to close the gap of income among different regions. For example, the party built most of the industrial plants, under the Soviet help, in inland areas instead of coastal areas, and the former treaty ports were not prioritized in the First five-year plan . [ 101 ]
In a landmark paper published in the Review of Development Economics, economists Ravi Kanbur and Xiaobo Zhang conclude that there have been three peaks of inequality in China in the last fifty years, "coinciding with the Great Famine of the late 1950s, the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and 1970s, and finally the period of openness and global integration in the late 1990s."
Historically, the Chinese economy was characterized by widespread poverty, extreme income inequalities, and endemic insecurity of livelihood. [1] Improvements since then saw the average national life expectancy rise from around forty-four years in 1949 to sixty-eight years in 1985, while the Chinese population estimated to be living in absolute poverty fell from between 200 and 590 million in ...
China's lifting of more than 800 million people out of extreme poverty since the late 1970s has been the largest global reduction in inequality in modern history. [26]: 23 China has maintained a high growth rate for more than 30 years since the beginning of economic reform in 1978. This sustained growth has generated a huge increase in average ...
Media outlets often label underoccupied development areas in China as "ghost cities" or "ghost towns". [9] [10] However, the two terms are technically misnomers since these terms describe places that previously had economic activity but have since become defunct and abandoned, while many underoccupied developments in China are new installations that have yet to receive residential occupation.