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The polka dot sign is best seen in CT imaging as multiple small, circular, sclerotic areas are seen within the vertebral body, representing cross-sections of the thickened vertical trabeculae. The background may appear lucent or hypodense due to vascular spaces and fat replacement. [ 2 ]
Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone. Plain radiographs are a valuable tool for detecting and classifying osteosclerotic disorders. [1] [2] It can manifest in localized or generalized osteosclerosis.
More than 80% of patients also reported abnormalities of the skull. Common symptoms include craniofacial hyperostosis, which is the excessive growth of bone in the skull and face. Skull base sclerosis, periorbital sclerosis, hypoplastic mandibular condyle, and absent paranasal or frontal sinuses are present in rare cases. [6] [7]
Red bone marrow, which produces blood cells, is located in the hollows between the trabeculae. Modic changes Type 1 reflects oedema adjacent to the disc, fissured endplates, microfractures of the trabeculae, granular tissue, high levels of immunoreactive nerve fibers, and TNF alpha cells (pro-inflammatory) [ 40 ] [ 41 ]
Idiopathic osteosclerosis, also known as enostosis or dense bone island, is a condition which may be found around the roots of a tooth, usually a premolar or molar. [2] It is usually painless and found during routine radiographs as an amorphous radiopaque (light) area around a tooth.
When it comes to blood, most symptoms can be summarized as defective hematopoiesis. It is speculated that this is due to the metadiaphyseal dysplasia of the long bones and fibrosis or sclerosis of the bone marrow. The symptoms can include corticosteroid-sensitive anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypocellular bone marrow, and myelofibrosis.
Osteomyelitis is an infective process that encompasses all of the bone (osseous) components, including the bone marrow. When it is chronic, it can lead to bone sclerosis and deformity. [citation needed] Chronic osteomyelitis may be due to the presence of intracellular bacteria. [19]
Patients with one or two plasmacytoma bone lesions and no clonal plasma cells in their bone marrow biopsy specimens are treated by surgical removal or radiotherapy of their tumors. These treatments can relieve many of the syndromes clinical manifestations including neuropathies, have a 10-year overall survival of 70% and a 6-year progression ...