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Some supposed nootropic substances are compounds and analogues of choline, a precursor of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) and phosphatidylcholine (a structural component of cell membranes). Alpha-GPC – L-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine has been studied only in the context of cognitive performance alongside other substances such as caffeine.
IDRA-21 shows nootropic effects in animal studies, significantly improving learning and memory. It is around 10–30 times more potent than aniracetam in reversing cognitive deficits induced by alprazolam or scopolamine , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and produces sustained effects lasting for up to 48 hours after a single dose. [ 4 ]
Oxiracetam (developmental code name ISF 2522) is a nootropic drug of the racetam family and a very mild stimulant. [1] [2] Several studies suggest that the substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time. [3] [4] [5] However, the mechanism of action of the racetam drug family is still a matter of research.
A newer analogue of these agents, padsevonil, is no longer a racetam itself but is much more potent in comparison and interacts with not only SV2A but also synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B (SV2B) and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C). [6]
RGPU-95, also known as p-chlorophenylpiracetam, is a racetam and a derivative of phenylpiracetam. [1] [2] [3] It was developed by Russian researchers as a potential antidepressant and anxiolytic agent and was first described in the scientific literature by 2010.
Sunifiram, as well as other nootropics such as piracetam, levetiracetam, and aniracetam are able to antagonize inhibition of glucose transport by barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital), diazepam, and certain other drugs in human erythrocytes in vitro (K i = 26.0 uM for sunifiram), and this action has been found to correlate with their potency in ...
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