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Using the O2 sensor signal, the ECU can operate the engine with an air–fuel ratio very close to 14.7:1, which is the ideal operating mixture for a three way catalyst to be effective. [3] Robert Bosch GmbH introduced the first automotive lambda sensor in 1976, [ 2 ] and it was first used by Volvo and Saab in that year.
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In the first half-cycle, the first cylinder receives air from the compressor, which lasts about 3 seconds. During that time, the pressure in the first cylinder rises from atmospheric to about 2.5 times normal atmospheric pressure (typically 20 psi/138 kPa gauge, or 2.36 atmospheres absolute) and the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen.
Factors which make the cell outputs in a rebreather statistically dependent include: [6] [7] Common calibration gas - They are all calibrated together in the pre-dive check using the same diluent and oxygen supply. Sensors are often from the same manufacturing batch - Components, materials and processes are likely to be very similar.
Triangular diagrams are not commonplace. The easiest way to understand them is to briefly go through three basic steps in their construction. Consider the first triangular diagram below, which shows all possible mixtures of methane, oxygen and nitrogen. Air is a mixture of about 21 volume percent oxygen, and 79 volume percent inerts (nitrogen ...
The limiting oxygen concentration is shown in the lower right of the diagram. The limiting oxygen concentration ( LOC ), [ 1 ] also known as the minimum oxygen concentration ( MOC ), [ 2 ] is defined as the limiting concentration of oxygen below which combustion is not possible, independent of the concentration of fuel.
Solid oxygen forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Solid oxygen O 2, like liquid oxygen, is a clear substance with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red part of the visible light spectrum.
ORSAT analyzer. An Orsat gas analyser or Orsat apparatus is a piece of laboratory equipment used to analyse a gas sample (typically fossil fuel flue gas) for its oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide content.