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A neuronal tracer may be retrograde, anterograde, or work in both directions. ... Horseradish peroxidase - retrograde; Cholera toxin B [1] [2] [3] - retrograde and ...
Retrograde tracing is a research method used in neuroscience to trace neural connections from their point of termination (the synapse) to their source (the cell body). Retrograde tracing techniques allow for detailed assessment of neuronal connections between a target population of neurons and their inputs throughout the nervous system .
One of the most important aspects of cholera toxin is the retrograde traffic mechanism that transports the toxin from the cell membrane back to the trans-Golgi network and the endoplasmic reticulum. Since both cholera toxin and GM1 species can be tagged with a fluorescent tags, the mechanism of retrograde traffic can be monitored.
The complementary technique is retrograde tracing, which is used to trace neural connections from their termination to their source (i.e. synapse to cell body). [1] Both the anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques are based on the visualization of the biological process of axonal transport.
Retrograde tracing is the use of a tracer that moves from synapse to soma. Retrograde transport uses a protein called dynein to move viruses along the axon in the retrograde direction. [9] [11] It is important to note that different tracers show characteristic affinities for dynein and kinesin, and so will spread at different rates.
Cholera toxin B, a subunit of cholera toxin used for retrograde tracing; Coding tree block, a processing unit of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) video standard.ctb, Color-dependent Plot Style Table, a file extension used by AutoCAD
Cholera toxin, shiga toxin, and SubAB toxin all have B subunits that are made up of five identical protein components, meaning that their B subunits are homopentamers. Pertussis toxin is different where its pentameric ring is made up of four different protein components, where one of the components is repeated to form a heteropentamer. [5]
The cholera toxin (CTX or CT) is an oligomeric complex made up of six protein subunits: a single copy of the A subunit (part A), and five copies of the B subunit (part B), connected by a disulfide bond. The five B subunits form a five-membered ring that binds to GM1 gangliosides on the surface of the intestinal epithelium cells.