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Glycation is the non-enzymatic process responsible for many (e.g. micro and macrovascular) complications in diabetes mellitus and is implicated in some diseases and in aging. [2] [3] [4] Glycation end products are believed to play a causative role in the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. [5]
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars. [1] They are a bio-marker implicated in aging and the development, or worsening, of many degenerative diseases , such as diabetes , atherosclerosis , chronic kidney disease , and Alzheimer's disease .
The American Diabetes Association guidelines are similar to others in advising that the glycated hemoglobin test be performed at least twice a year in patients with diabetes who are meeting treatment goals (and who have stable glycemic control) and quarterly in patients with diabetes whose therapy has changed or who are not meeting glycemic goals.
Diabetes is a chronic disease and it is important to have control of the diabetes as it can cause many complications. Diabetes can cause acute problems such as too low (hypoglycemia) or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Diabetes affects the blood vessels in the body, such as capillaries and arteries, which are the routes blood take to deliver ...
[1] [2] This is due to a lack of long term high-quality studies on this subject matter. [1] [2] For overweight and obese people with diabetes, the most important aspect of any diet is that it results in loss of body fat. [1] [2] Losing body fat has been proven to improve blood glucose control and lower insulin levels. [1] [2]
Obesity has been found to contribute to approximately 55% of cases of type 2 diabetes; [10] chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into type 2 diabetes, [11] most likely because adipose tissue (especially that in the abdomen around internal organs) is a source of several chemical signals, hormones and cytokines, to other tissues.
The polyol pathway is a two-step process that converts glucose to fructose. [1] In this pathway glucose is reduced to sorbitol, which is subsequently oxidized to fructose. It is also called the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway. The pathway is implicated in diabetic complications, especially in microvascular damage to the retina, [2] kidney, [3 ...
3-Deoxyglucosone (3DG) is a sugar that is notable because it is a marker for diabetes. 3DG reacts with protein to form advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which contribute to diseases such as the vascular complications of diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, and aging. [1]