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Prevention efforts include banning very toxic types of organophosphates. [2] Among those who work with pesticides the use of protective clothing and showering before going home is also useful. [6] In those who have organophosphate poisoning the primary treatments are atropine, oximes such as pralidoxime, and diazepam.
In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR) 3, a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. [1] They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid. Organophosphates are best known for their use as pesticides.
Organophosphorus chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organophosphorus compounds, which are organic compounds containing phosphorus. [1] They are used primarily in pest control as an alternative to chlorinated hydrocarbons that persist in the environment.
Glyphosate (IUPAC name: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant.It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate, which acts by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP).
The third type of poisoning is a long-term low-level exposure, which individuals are exposed to from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals.
Metal salts such as iron(III) phosphate, aluminium sulfate, and ferric sodium EDTA, [3] [4] relatively non-toxic, most are approved for use in organic gardening; Metaldehyde [5] Niclosamide; Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. methiocarb), highly toxic to other animals and humans with a quick onset of toxic symptoms.
Acephate is an organophosphate foliar and soil insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity of about 10–15 days at the recommended use rate. It is used primarily for control of aphids, including resistant species, in vegetables (e.g. potatoes, carrots, greenhouse tomatoes, and lettuce) and in horticulture (e.g. on roses and greenhouse ornamentals).
However, if too much is applied, phytotoxic effects can result from urea toxicity directly or ammonia production from hydrolysis of urea. [3] Organic fertilizers, such as compost, also have the potential to be phytotoxic if not sufficiently humified, as intermediate products of this process are harmful to plant growth. [4]