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It is generally created within the constraints of chosen generic data models, so that existing GIS software can be used. For example, a data model for a city would include a list of data layers to be included (e.g., roads, buildings, parcels, zoning), with each being specified with the type of generic spatial data model being used (e.g. raster ...
GIS data acquisition includes several methods for gathering spatial data into a GIS database, which can be grouped into three categories: primary data capture, the direct measurement phenomena in the field (e.g., remote sensing, the global positioning system); secondary data capture, the extraction of information from existing sources that are ...
GIS provide platforms for managing these data, computing spatial relationships such as distance, connectivity and directional relationships between spatial units, and visualizing both the raw data and spatial analytic results within a cartographic context. Subtypes include:
There are also many different types of geodata, including vector files, raster files, geographic databases, web files, and multi-temporal data. Spatial data or spatial information is broader class of data whose geometry is relevant but it is not necessarily georeferenced , such as in computer-aided design (CAD), see geometric modeling .
A spatial database is a general-purpose database (usually a relational database) that has been enhanced to include spatial data that represents objects defined in a geometric space, along with tools for querying and analyzing such data. Most spatial databases allow the representation of simple geometric objects such as points, lines and polygons.
ISO 19123 provides the definition: [a] feature that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain; Coverages play an important role in geographic information systems (GIS), geospatial content and services, GIS data processing, and data sharing.
The ARC/INFO Coverage data structure (1981), a topological data model based on POLYVRT. Topology was a very early concern for GIS. The earliest vector systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System, did not manage topological relationships, and problems such as sliver polygons proliferated, especially in operations such as vector overlay. [9]
The formats were originally defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and described in their Simple Feature Access [1] and Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems [2] specifications. The current standard definition is ISO 19162:2019. [3] This supersedes ISO 19162:2015. [4]
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