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While serum low 25-hydroxyvitamin D status has been associated with a higher risk of cancer in observational studies, [101] [102] [103] the general conclusion is that there is insufficient evidence for an effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of cancer, [2] [104] [105] although there is some evidence for reduction in cancer mortality ...
A 2011 study based on the trial found that the risk of prostate cancer was elevated by 17% in the group that took vitamin E supplements, which was statistically significant. [8] [13] A 2014 study based on SELECT data found that selenium supplementation increased the risk of high-grade prostate cancer in men who had a higher baseline selenium ...
For dietary retinol, no effects were observed for high dietary intake and breast cancer survival, [108] risk of liver cancer, [109] risk of bladder cancer [110] or risk of colorectal cancer, [111] [112] although the last review did report lower risk for higher β-carotene consumption. [112]
Advertisement for a healthy diet to possibly reduce cancer risk. An average 35% of human cancer mortality is attributed to the diet of the individual. [9] Studies have linked excessive consumption of red or processed meat to an increased risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, and pancreatic cancer, a phenomenon which could be due to the presence of carcinogens in meats cooked at high temperatures.
Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume: for example, vitamin A is synthesized from beta carotene; and niacin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. [54] Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others. Vitamin B 12 is the only vitamin or nutrient not available from plant sources.
An inverse relationship between dietary vitamin E and lung cancer was reported in observational studies, [72] but a large clinical trial in male tobacco smokers reported no impact on lung cancer between treatment and placebo, [73] and a trial which tracked people who chose to consume a vitamin E dietary supplement reported an increased risk of ...
In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] For example, for vitamin C , recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India [ 46 ] to 155 mg/day for the European Union. [ 47 ]
Taking vitamin D supplements has no significant effect on cancer risk. [98] Vitamin D 3, however, appears to decrease the risk of death from cancer but concerns with the quality of the data exist. [99] Nevertheless, studies suggest that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of development melanoma. [100]