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The first medicinal use of GM bacteria was to produce the protein insulin to treat diabetes. [19] Other medicines produced include clotting factors to treat haemophilia , [ 20 ] human growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism , [ 21 ] [ 22 ] interferon to treat some cancers, erythropoietin for anemic patients, and tissue plasminogen ...
Amongst the earliest uses of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing is the use of recombinant DNA technology to modify Escherichia coli bacteria to produce human insulin, which was performed at Genentech in 1978. [1] Prior to the development of this technique, insulin was extracted from the pancreas glands of cattle, pigs, and other farm ...
The first recombinant plant-derived protein (PDP) was human serum albumin, initially produced in 1990 in transgenic tobacco and potato plants. [6] Open field growing trials of these crops began in the United States in 1992 and have taken place every year since.
Genetic engineering has been used to produce proteins derived from humans and other sources in organisms that normally cannot synthesize these proteins. Human insulin-synthesising bacteria were developed in 1979 and were first used as a treatment in 1982. [58] In 1988 the first human antibodies were produced in plants. [59]
For example, plant DNA can be joined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA can be joined with fungal DNA. In addition, DNA sequences that do not occur anywhere in nature can be created by the chemical synthesis of DNA and incorporated into recombinant DNA molecules. Using recombinant DNA technology and synthetic DNA, any DNA sequence can be created ...
Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978. [71] The insulin produced by bacteria, branded Humulin, was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982. [72] In 1988, the first human antibodies were produced in plants. [73]
Then, a scientist will insert the human gene for insulin into the gap left by the extracted DNA. This plasmid is now considered a genetically modified entity. The genetically modified entity is reintroduced into a new bacterial or yeast cell. This cell will then undergo mitosis and divide rapidly, producing insulin suitable for human needs.
These are typically combined in a bacterial plasmid and the coding sequences are typically chosen from transgenes with previously known functions. [1] Transgenic or genetically modified organisms, be they bacteria, viruses or fungi, serve many research purposes. Transgenic plants, insects, fish and mammals (including humans) have been bred ...