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Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
More generally, there are d! possible orders for a given array, one for each permutation of dimensions (with row-major and column-order just 2 special cases), although the lists of stride values are not necessarily permutations of each other, e.g., in the 2-by-3 example above, the strides are (3,1) for row-major and (1,2) for column-major.
(pred array)/array or pred {⍵ /⍨ ⍺⍺ ⍵} array: The second example is an APL dop. C# 3.0 ienum.Where(pred) or The where clause: Where is an extension method ienum is an IEnumerable Similarly in all .NET languages CFML: obj.filter(func) Where obj is an array or a structure. The func receives as an argument each element's value. Clojure ...
The foreach statement in some languages has some defined order, processing each item in the collection from the first to the last. The foreach statement in many other languages, especially array programming languages, does not have any particular order.
In mathematics and computer science, a higher-order function (HOF) is a function that does at least one of the following: takes one or more functions as arguments (i.e. a procedural parameter, which is a parameter of a procedure that is itself a procedure), returns a function or value as its result. All other functions are first-order functions.
In computer science, an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), of same memory size, each identified by at least one array index or key. An array is stored such that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula.
In computer programming, an iterator is an object that progressively provides access to each item of a collection, in order. [1] [2] [3]A collection may provide multiple iterators via its interface that provide items in different orders, such as forwards and backwards.
Insertion sort: Scan successive elements for an out-of-order item, then insert the item in the proper place. Selection sort: Find the smallest (or biggest) element in the array, and put it in the proper place. Swap it with the value in the first position. Repeat until array is sorted. Quick sort: Partition the array into two segments. In the ...