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Since ES 2015, transpiling JavaScript has become very common. Transpilation is a source-to-source compilation in which newer versions of JavaScript are used, and a transpiler rewrites the source code so that it is supported by older browsers. Usually, transpilers transpile down to ES3 to maintain compatibility with all versions of browsers.
ECMAScript is a JavaScript standard developed by Ecma International. Since 2015, major versions have been published every June. Since 2015, major versions have been published every June. ECMAScript 2024, the 15th and current version, was released in June 2024.
Jint: Javascript interpreter with integrated engine for .NET; Narcissus: JavaScript implemented in JavaScript (a meta-circular evaluator), intended to run in another JavaScript engine, of theoretical and educational nature only. JS-Interpreter A lightweight JavaScript interpreter implemented in JavaScript with step-by-step execution.
Babel is a free and open-source JavaScript transcompiler that is mainly used to convert ECMAScript 2015+ (ES6+) code into backwards-compatible JavaScript code that can be run by older JavaScript engines. It allows web developers to take advantage of the newest features of the language. [4]
CommonJS's specification of how modules should work is widely used today for server-side JavaScript with Node.js. [1] It is also used for browser-side JavaScript, but that code must be packaged with a transpiler since browsers don't support CommonJS. [1]
The key to understanding design patterns such as IIFE is to realize that prior to ES6, JavaScript only featured function scope (thus lacking block scope), passing values by reference inside closures. [9] This is no longer the case, as the ES6 version of JavaScript implements block scoping using the new let and const keywords. [10]
A JavaScript engine is a software component that executes JavaScript code. The first JavaScript engines were mere interpreters, but all relevant modern engines use just-in-time compilation for improved performance. [53] JavaScript engines are typically developed by web browser vendors, and every major browser has one.
TurboFan compiles this bytecode into machine code. In other words, V8 compiles ECMAScript directly to native machine code using just-in-time compilation before executing it. [18] The compiled code is additionally optimized (and re-optimized) dynamically at runtime, based on heuristics of the code's execution profile.