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Gurmukhi orthography prefers vowel sequences over the use of semivowels ("y" or "w") intervocally and in syllable nuclei, [61] as in the words ਦਿਸਾਇਆ disāiā "caused to be visible" rather than disāyā, ਦਿਆਰ diāră "cedar" rather than dyāră, and ਸੁਆਦ suādă "taste" rather than swādă, [44] permitting vowels in ...
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi, specifically Standard Punjabi, pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA charact
A fresco from a ‘Samadhi’ depicting ‘Santhiya’ being taught Students of the Sikh University, Damdami Taksal, learning Santhiya. Santhiya or Santhya (Gurmukhi: ਸੰਥਿਆ, romanized: Sathi'ā; 'elocution') is the correct pronunciation (ucharan [1]) of Gurbani, [2] [3] taught in the manner of the 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. [4]
Tildes denote nasalized vowels, while grave and acute accents denote low and high tones respectively. Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below. The vowels table shows the character used in the article (ex. ī) followed by its IPA value in forward slashes (ex. /iː/). See Punjabi phonology for further clarification.
Shahmukhi (Shahmukhi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː], lit. ' from the Shah's or king's mouth ', Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁੱਖ਼ੀ) is the right-to-left abjad-based script developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet used for the Punjabi language varieties, predominantly in Punjab, Pakistan.
The inherent vowel is always transliterated as 'a' in the formal ISO 15919 transliteration. In the simplified transliteration, 'a' is also normally used except in the Bengali, Assamese, and Odia languages, where 'o'/'ô' is used. See Romanization of Bengali for the transliteration scheme set for Bengali on Wikipedia.
Anandpur Lipi (Punjabi: ਆਨੰਦਪੁਰ ਲਿਪੀ; also known as Anandpuri Lipi or Shehkasteh) is a calligraphic (Punjabi: Shikasta [1] [2] [note 1]) style of the Gurmukhi script associated with Guru Gobind Singh. [3] It is commonly found among early manuscripts of the Dasam Granth scripture as the employed script. [4]: 242
Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta/hasanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel, although it is rarely used. Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant.