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Electric underfloor heating systems cause low frequency magnetic fields (in the 50–60 Hz range), old 1-wire systems much more so than modern 2-wire systems. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified static and low-frequency magnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B).
Heating films can be directly installed to provide underfloor heating, wall radiant heating and ceiling radiant heating. The films can also be used in heating panels to produce wall or ceiling panel heaters. Although heating films do not usually run at very high temperatures (typically 30 °C (86 °F) on floors and up to 40 °C (104 °F) on ...
Underfloor heating systems—electric or hydronic; Wall heating systems; Radiant ceiling panels; Underfloor and wall heating systems often are called low-temperature systems. Since their heating surface is much larger than other systems, a much lower temperature is required to achieve the same level of heat transfer. This provides an improved ...
Telephone wiring from the 1970s. Low voltage cables are often laid across ceiling joists and insulation in roof cavities. Three-phase power is commonly used for industrial machines, particularly motors and high-load devices. Provision for three-phase power must be considered early in the design stage of a building because it has different ...
By incorporating thermal destratification technology into buildings, energy requirements are reduced as heating systems are no longer over-delivering in order to constantly replace the heat that rises away from the floor area, by redistributing the already heated air from the unoccupied ceiling space back down to floor level, until temperature ...
Electric heating is widely used in industry. [19] Advantages of electric heating methods over other forms include precision control of temperature and distribution of heat energy, combustion not used to develop heat, and the ability to attain temperatures not readily achievable with chemical combustion.
The space between floor joists can be boxed in and used as some of the ductwork, further lowering costs. The four different generations of district heating systems and their energy sources. Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are practical only with low-cost electricity or when ground source heat pumps are used.
UFAD systems use an underfloor supply plenum located between the structural concrete slab and a raised floor system to supply conditioned air to supply outlets (usually floor diffusers), located at or near floor level within the occupied space. Air returns from the room at ceiling level or the maximum allowable height above the occupied zone. [1]