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Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). [7] The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours. [7] Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.
In childhood, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients can expect a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70% and an overall survival (OS) rate of 80%. [1] Among the approximately 25% of children who relapse, survival rates drop to 30-50%, with patients generally showing a much poorer prognosis. [ 1 ]
T-cell lymphoma is a rare form of cancerous lymphoma affecting T-cells. [1] Lymphoma arises mainly from the uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes, such as T-cells, and can become cancerous. [2] T-cell lymphoma is categorized under Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and represents less than 15% of all Non-Hodgkin's diseases in the category. [3]
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL, sometimes misspelled AILT, formerly known as "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia" [2]: 747 ) is a mature T-cell lymphoma of blood or lymph vessel immunoblasts characterized by a polymorphous lymph node infiltrate showing a marked increase in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and high endothelial venules (HEVs) and systemic involvement.
In 2016, the WHO redefined the two diseases as separate entities, keeping the term enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma for the coeliac disease-associated lymphoma and terming type 2 disease as monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T cell lymphoma (MEITL). [3] EATL is five to ten times more common than is MEITL. [4]
[9] [10] Symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. [2] Often, nonpainful enlarged lymph nodes occur in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin. [2] Persons affected may feel tired or be itchy. [2] The two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. [5]
The significance of the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus in Lennert lymphoma is unclear: studies have suggested that its presence in Lennert lymphoma cells is probably not directly involved in its development or severity [17] or, alternatively, is associated with a more severe form of this lymphoma and shorten survival times. [19]
Although intraocular lymphoma is rare, the number of cases per year is rising, affecting mainly people in their seventies [17] [18] and immunocompromised patients. [19] [20] A recent study has shown that ocular lymphoma is more prevalent in women than men. [21] The survival rate is approximately 60% after 5 years. [citation needed]