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For reversible (ideal) processes, the area under the T–s curve of a process is the heat transferred to the system during that process. [1] Working fluids are often categorized on the basis of the shape of their T–s diagram. An isentropic process is depicted as a vertical line on a T–s diagram, whereas an isothermal process is a horizontal ...
[a] While processes in isolated systems are never reversible, [3] cyclical processes can be reversible or irreversible. [4] Reversible processes are hypothetical or idealized but central to the second law of thermodynamics. [3] Melting or freezing of ice in water is an example of a realistic process that is nearly reversible.
where a reversible path is chosen from absolute zero to the final state, so that for an isothermal reversible process Δ S = Q r e v T {\displaystyle \Delta S={Q_{rev} \over T}} . In general, for any cyclic process the state points can be connected by reversible paths, so that
Another cycle that features isothermal heat-addition and heat-rejection processes is the Stirling cycle, which is an altered version of the Carnot cycle in which the two isentropic processes featured in the Carnot cycle are replaced by two constant-volume regeneration processes. The cycle is reversible, meaning that if supplied with mechanical ...
Many redox processes observed by CV are quasi-reversible or non-reversible. In such cases the thermodynamic potential E 0 1/2 is often deduced by simulation. The irreversibility is indicated by i pa /i pc ≠ 1. Deviations from unity are attributable to a subsequent chemical reaction that is triggered by the electron transfer.
Often, when analysing a dynamic thermodynamic process, the simplifying assumption is made that each intermediate state in the process is at equilibrium, producing thermodynamic processes which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state and are said to be reversible processes.
A Markov process is called a reversible Markov process or reversible Markov chain if there exists a positive stationary distribution π that satisfies the detailed balance equations [13] =, where P ij is the Markov transition probability from state i to state j, i.e. P ij = P(X t = j | X t − 1 = i), and π i and π j are the equilibrium probabilities of being in states i and j, respectively ...
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer or RAFT polymerization is one of several kinds of reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. It makes use of a chain-transfer agent (CTA) in the form of a thiocarbonylthio compound (or similar, from here on referred to as a RAFT agent, see Figure 1) to afford control over the generated ...