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Roman square capitals, also called capitalis monumentalis, inscriptional capitals, elegant capitals and capitalis quadrata, are an ancient Roman form of writing, and the basis for modern capital letters. Square capitals are characterized by sharp, straight lines, supple curves, thick and thin strokes, angled stressing and incised serifs.
Roman capitals were used along with lower case, Arabic numerals, italics and calligraphy in a complementary style. [21] The style has been used for lettering where a feeling of timelessness was wanted, for example on First World War memorials and government buildings, but also on shopfronts, posters, maps, and other general uses.
Shipping symbols [2] from ISO standard 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods" [3] or ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods" [4] which depict shipping boxes as squares with rounded corners: "Fragile": the silhouette of a broken wine glass "This end up": a horizontal line with two arrows pointing up
The capitals on Trajan's Column have long been an inspiration to many artists and students of lettering. [5] [6] The calligrapher and type designer Edward Johnston in his book Writing & Illuminating & Lettering (1906) wrote that "the Roman capitals have held the supreme place among letters for readableness and beauty. They are the best forms ...
Cap height and ascender height are generally the same to produce a more regular effect in texts such as titles with many capital letters, and descenders are often short for tighter line spacing. [7] They often avoid having a true italic in favor of a more restrained oblique or sloped design, although at least some sans-serif true italics were ...
The Alphabetum Romanum, by Felice Feliciano, published in 1463, is a text that covers how to create Roman square capital letters geometrically based on the subdivision of a square. The codex, probably printed in Verona, is the first humanistic treatise on the construction of Roman capital letters. It contains a complete Roman alphabet, two ...
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The two earliest Egyptian capitals of importance are those based on the lotus and papyrus plants respectively, and these, with the palm tree capital, were the chief types employed by the Egyptians, until under the Ptolemies in the 3rd to 1st centuries BC, various other river plants were also employed, and the conventional lotus capital went through various modifications.