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The Kendall tau distance between two series is the total number of discordant pairs. The Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, which measures how closely related two series of numbers are, is proportional to the difference between the number of concordant pairs and the number of discordant pairs.
correlation. so that. where E is the expected value operator. Notably, correlation is dimensionless while covariance is in units obtained by multiplying the units of the two variables. If Y always takes on the same values as X, we have the covariance of a variable with itself (i.e. ), which is called the variance and is more commonly denoted as ...
Random variate. In probability and statistics, a random variate or simply variate is a particular outcome or realization of a random variable; the random variates which are other outcomes of the same random variable might have different values (random numbers). A random deviate or simply deviate is the difference of a random variate with ...
Existential generalization / instantiation. In predicate logic, existential instantiation (also called existential elimination) [1][2][3] is a rule of inference which says that, given a formula of the form , one may infer for a new constant symbol c. The rule has the restrictions that the constant c introduced by the rule must be a new term ...
Calculus Made Easy is a book on infinitesimal calculus originally published in 1910 by Silvanus P. Thompson. The original text continues to be available as of 2008 from Macmillan and Co., but a 1998 update by Martin Gardner is available from St. Martin's Press which provides an introduction; three preliminary chapters explaining functions ...
between 2008 and 2012, better performance than 71% of all directors The Susan G. Swenson Stock Index From January 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when Susan G. Swenson joined the board, and sold them when she left, you would have a 12.1 percent return on your investment, compared to a -2.8 percent return from the S&P 500.
In mathematics, a codomain or set of destination of a function is a set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set Y in the notation f: X → Y. The term range is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to either the codomain or the image of a function. A codomain is part of a function f if f is defined as a ...
between 2008 and 2012, better performance than 29% of all directors The H. John Riley, Jr. Stock Index From January 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when H. John Riley, Jr. joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a -23.1 percent return on your investment, compared to a -2.8 percent return from the S ...