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The Modern English noun soul is derived from Old English sāwol, sāwel.The earliest attestations reported in the Oxford English Dictionary are from the 8th century. In King Alfred's translation of De Consolatione Philosophiae, it is used to refer to the immaterial, spiritual, or thinking aspect of a person, as contrasted with the person's physical body; in the Vespasian Psalter 77.50, it ...
The animal or inferior soul; the animal or sentient life which inheres in the body – the body in this sense; the animals spirits; this soul goes to the earth with the body. Chao and Yang [19] the soul (of a living person or of the dead) the physical side of the soul Karlgren [20] spiritual soul (as opp. to 魄) the animal soul of man (as opp ...
Plato's theory of the soul, which was inspired variously by the teachings of Socrates, considered the psyche (Ancient Greek: ψῡχή, romanized: psūkhḗ) to be the essence of a person, being that which decides how people behave. Plato considered this essence to be an incorporeal, eternal occupant of a person's being.
Soul dualism, also called dualistic pluralism or multiple souls, is a range of beliefs that a person has two or more kinds of souls.In many cases, one of the souls is associated with body functions ("body soul") and the other one can leave the body ("free soul" or "wandering soul").
Since – for him – the soul is motion, it needs an explanatory principle for bodily motion. [9] Aristotle's theory of the "three souls (psyches)" (vegetal, animal, and rational) would rule the field of psychology until the 19th century. Prior to Aristotle, a number of Greek writings used the term psyche in a less precise sense. [10]
In addition to these components of the soul, there was the human body (called the ḥꜥ, occasionally a plural ḥꜥw, meaning approximately "sum of bodily parts"). According to ancient Egyptian creation myths , the god Atum created the world out of chaos, utilizing his own magic ( ḥkꜣ ). [ 1 ]
The primary meaning of the term נפש is 'the breath of life' instinct in the nostrils of all living beings, and by extension 'life', 'person' or 'very self'. There is no term in English corresponding to nephesh, and the (Christian) 'soul', which has quite different connotations is nonetheless customarily used to translate it.
The terms soul and psyche here are synonymous in the sense of the human organism as a whole, focussing on the mental aspect without any option of concrete separability from matter and therefore in strict distinction to the religious concept of "soul". The structural model of the soul was introduced in Freuds essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle ...