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The red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) is a passerine bird of the family Icteridae found in most of North America and much of Central America. It breeds from Alaska and Newfoundland south to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, and Guatemala, with isolated populations in western El Salvador, northwestern Honduras, and northwestern Costa Rica.
This is shown in the red-winged blackbird by Pribil and Searcy (2001). Female red-winged blackbirds prefer to mate with males with territories over water and also unmated males. The females were given a choice between unmated males or previously mated males with the superior territories over water.
Red-winged blackbird: North and much of Central America Agelaius assimilis: Red-shouldered blackbird: Cuba Agelaius tricolor: Tricolored blackbird: Pacific coast of North America, from Northern California in the U.S. (with occasional strays into Oregon), to upper Baja California in Mexico. Agelaius humeralis: Tawny-shouldered blackbird
The red-shouldered blackbird closely resembles the more numerous and widespread red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), but in contrast to phoeniceus, assimilis males and females are closer in relative size, the female is all-black instead of brown-streaked, and paired birds are monogamous. Males are about 22 centimetres (8.7 in) in length ...
Effect of plumage wear on the identification of female Red-winged and Tricolored Blackbirds. Western Birds. vol 35, no 4. p. 228–230. Vickers ML & Hanson RP. (1980). Experimental Infection and Serologic Survey for Selected Paramyxoviruses in Red-Winged Blackbirds Agelaius-Phoeniceus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 16, no 1. p. 125–130.
For example, the male great-tailed grackle is 60% heavier than the female. The smallest icterid species is the orchard oriole , in which the female averages 15 cm in length (6 in) and 18 g (0.040 lb) in weight, while the largest is the Amazonian oropendola , the male of which measures 52 cm (20 in) and weighs about 550 g (1.21 lb).
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The term is often limited to smaller species with mostly or entirely black plumage, at least in the breeding male, notably the cowbirds, [14] the grackles, [15] and for around 20 species with "blackbird" in the name, such as the red-winged blackbird and the melodious blackbird. [13]