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Indira Gandhi National Open University, known as IGNOU, is a public open & distance learning university located in Delhi, India. Named after the former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, the university was established in 1985 with a budget of ₹ 20 million, after the Parliament of India passed the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (IGNOU Act 1985). [4]
Open Basic Education (OBE) Programme for 14+ years age group, adolescents and adults at A, B and C levels that are equivalent to classes III, V and VIII of the formal school system; Secondary Course—Equivalent to class X; Senior Secondary Course—Equivalent to class XII; Vocational Education Courses; Life enrichment programmes; D.EL.ED. course
The present Act has its history in the Constitutional Amendment of 2002 that included Article 21A in the Indian Constitution (the 86th Amendment) making Education a fundamental Right. This amendment specified the need for legislation to describe the mode of implementation of the same which was met through the introduction of this Act.
Equity and inclusion in education refers to the principle or policy that provides equal access for all learners to curriculum and programming within an educational setting. Some school boards have policies that include the terms inclusion and diversity. [1] Equity is a term sometimes confused with equality. [2]
Based on the report and recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–1966), the government headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968, which called for a "radical restructuring" and proposed equal educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development. [3]
Inclusion has different historical roots/background which may be integration of students with severe disabilities in the US (who may previously been excluded from schools or even lived in institutions) [7] [8] [9] or an inclusion model from Canada and the US (e.g., Syracuse University, New York) which is very popular with inclusion teachers who believe in participatory learning, cooperative ...
An IEP may determine the proper placement of a student in inclusive education through tests, studies, and interviews with counselors and family members. Based upon the arrangement of homework assignments, team projects, and basic communication with other students and teachers, students can then learn what works best for them.
Equity Pedagogy: An equity pedagogy exists when teachers modify their teaching in ways that will facilitate the academic achievement of students from diverse racial, cultural, gender, and social-class groups. Multicultural education can be implemented on the macro-level with the implementation of programs and culture at the school-wide or ...