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The minimum distance between Earth and Mars has been declining over the years, and in 2003 the minimum distance was 55.76 million km, nearer than any such encounter in almost 60,000 years (57,617 BC). The record minimum distance between Earth and Mars in 2729 will stand at 55.65 million km.
The Mars time of noon is 12:00 which is in Earth time 12 hours and 20 minutes after midnight. ... with respect to either the Martian year, Earth-Mars ... 13,218 years ...
2.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to Earth Kepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in the publication Astronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets. Sun: Star 3rd century BC — 1609 380 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii)
An illustration of what Mars may have looked like during an ice age about 400,000 years ago caused by a large axial tilt. As on Earth, the effect of precession causes the north and south celestial poles to move in a very large circle, but on Mars the cycle is 95,500 Martian years (179,600 Earth years) [24] rather than 26,000 years as on Earth.
A two-year free return means from Earth to Mars (aborted there) and then back to Earth all in 2 years. [9] The entry corridor (range of permissible path angles) for landing on Mars is limited, and experience has shown that the path angle is hard to fix (e.g. +/- 0.5 deg). This limits entry into the atmosphere to less than 9 km/s.
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The same year, he succeeded in measuring the rotation period of the planet, giving it as approximately 24 hours. [28] He made a rough estimate of the diameter of Mars, guessing that it is about 60% of the size of the Earth, which compares well with the modern value of 53%. [30]
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