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For example, Morse code for the Arabic letter ţā' (ط) is • • — (dit-dit-dah). That same Morse code sequence represents the letter U in the Latin alphabet. Hence the SATTS equivalent for ţā' is U. In the Morse-code era, when Arabic language Morse signals were copied down by non-Arab code clerks, the text came out in SATTS.
Suppose the writer wishes to use some English text (a left-to-right script) into a paragraph written in Arabic or Hebrew (a right-to-left script) with non-alphabetic characters to the right of the English text. For example, the writer wants to translate, "The language C++ is a programming language used..." into Arabic.
The Arabic Extended-B and Arabic Extended-A ranges encode additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages.
Arabic typography is the typography of letters, graphemes, characters or text in Arabic script, for example for writing Arabic, Persian, or Urdu. 16th century Arabic typography was a by-product of Latin typography with Syriac and Latin proportions and aesthetics.
Google Translate's NMT system uses a large artificial neural network capable of deep learning. [1] [2] [3] By using millions of examples, GNMT improves the quality of translation, [2] using broader context to deduce the most relevant translation. The result is then rearranged and adapted to approach grammatically based human language. [1]
These could be in any language that uses this script, such as Arabic, Persian, or Ottoman Turkish. Examples of Arabic script rendered into Latin: Abu Sayyaf (organization) Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (poet) Ta'iz (city) Examples of titles not transliterated from Arabic script: Yazdegerd III of Persia (ruled Persia before Arabic script became used)
The Arabic script should be deducible from its transliteration unambiguously and without necessarily understanding the meaning of the Arabic text. The reverse should also be possible when the Arabic script is fully diacritized or vowelled (i.e. muxakkal with kasrah, fatHat', Dammat', xaddat', tanwiin and other Harakaat.).
To handle those Arabic letters that do not have an approximate phonetic equivalent in the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated known as "code switching". [9] [10] For example, the numeral "3" is used to represent the Arabic letter ع (ʿayn)—note the choice of a visually similar character, with the numeral resembling ...