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Dolan, Jay P., ed. Puerto Rican and Cuban Catholics in the U.S., 1900-1965 (Volume 2, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994). Duany, Jorge (2002). The Puerto Rican Nation on the Move: Identities on the Island and in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).
Don Pedro Albizu Campos, leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Albizu Campos was the first Puerto Rican graduate of Harvard Law School. He served as a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army during World War I, and believed that Puerto Rico should be an independent nation - even if that required an armed confrontation. By 1930, Coll y Cuchi ...
The 1954 United States Capitol shooting was a domestic terrorist attack on March 1, 1954, by four Puerto Rican nationalists seeking to promote Puerto Rican independence from the United States. They fired 30 rounds from semi-automatic pistols onto the legislative floor from the Ladies' Gallery (a balcony for visitors) of the House of ...
Puerto Rican Nationalists rounded up by police during the Jayuya uprising. U.S. soldiers escorting detained civilians during the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party insurgency, 1950. Armed soldiers patrolling the streets in response to Nationalist activities, 1950. Trial of Carlos Padilla, one of the 100 Puerto Rican Nationalist Party members ...
Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Manhattan include Spanish Harlem and Loisaida. [91] [92] Spanish Harlem was "Italian Harlem" from the 1880s until the 1940s. [91] By 1940, however, the name "Spanish Harlem" was becoming widespread, and by 1950, the area was predominately Puerto Rican and African American. [91]
Before territorial status, Puerto Ricans allied with American colonists in the Revolutionary War and contributed significantly to the capture of cities such as Baton Rouge, St. Louis and Pensacola.
Puerto Rican flag removed by a Puerto Rican National Guard soldier after the 1950 Jayuya Uprising. The next day, on October 27, the police fired upon a caravan of Nationalists in the town of Peñuelas, and killed four of them. This police massacre inflamed many in Puerto Rico, and the outcry was immediate.
The annual celebration grew out of the major influx of Puerto Ricans to Rochester that began in the 1950s. As Puerto Ricans, they were American citizens. Yet they felt like strangers in a strange ...