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The Wechsler intelligence scales were originally developed from earlier intelligence scales by David Wechsler.David Wechsler, using the clinical and statistical skills he gained under Charles Spearman and as a World War I psychology examiner, crafted a series of intelligence tests.
In an ecological context, traits or ‘characters’ are attributes of an organism that are shared by members of a species. Traits can be shared by all or only a portion of individuals in a population. For example, studies in animal personality often examine traits such as aggressiveness, avoidance of novelty, boldness, exploration and ...
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) is an intelligence test designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months developed by David Wechsler in 1967. It is a descendant of the earlier Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children tests. Since its original publication ...
The general factor of intelligence, or g factor, is a psychometric construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual's scores on various measures of cognitive abilities. First described in humans, the g factor has since been identified in a number of nonhuman species.
For example, several studies have shown that performance is better on, for example, a color discrimination (e.g. blue vs green) after the animal has learned another color discrimination (e.g. red vs orange) than it is after training on a different dimension such as an X shape versus an O shape. The reverse effect happens after training on forms.
Many birds have been shown to be capable of using tools. The definition of a tool has been debated. One proposed definition of tool use was defined by T. B. Jones and A. C. Kamil in 1973 as . the use of physical objects other than the animal's own body or appendages as a means to extend the physical influence realized by the animal [32]
Coren's book presents a ranked list of breed intelligence, based on a survey of 208 dog obedience judges across North America. [10] When it was first published there was much media attention and commentary in terms of both pros [11] and cons. [12] Over the years, Coren's ranking of breeds and methodology have come to be accepted as a valid description of the differences among dog breeds in ...
[S 50] Horse intelligence can be a reflection of the intelligence of the person training them, [S 51] especially if that person effectively uses conditioning and positive reinforcement techniques to train each animal in a way that best matches its natural inclinations. [P 4] Examples of mobilizing horse intelligence through interaction with humans