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Their cross product is a normal vector to that plane, and any vector orthogonal to this cross product through the initial point will lie in the plane. [1] This leads to the following coplanarity test using a scalar triple product: Four distinct points, x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4, are coplanar if and only if,
(M2) at most dimension 1 if it has no more than 1 line, (M3) at most dimension 2 if it has no more than 1 plane, and so on. It is a general theorem (a consequence of axiom (3)) that all coplanar lines intersect—the very principle that projective geometry was originally intended to embody.
Coplanar waveguides play an important role in the field of solid state quantum computing, e.g. for the coupling of microwave photons to a superconducting qubit.In particular the research field of circuit quantum electrodynamics was initiated with coplanar waveguide resonators as crucial elements that allow for high field strength and thus strong coupling to a superconducting qubit by confining ...
A planar chiral derivative of ferrocene, used for kinetic resolution of some racemic secondary alcohols [1]. This term is used in chemistry contexts, [2] e.g., for a chiral molecule lacking an asymmetric carbon atom, but possessing two non-coplanar rings that are each dissymmetric and which cannot easily rotate about the chemical bond connecting them: 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl is perhaps the ...
A classic example of specular reflection is a mirror, which is specifically designed for specular reflection. In addition to visible light , specular reflection can be observed in the ionospheric reflection of radiowaves and the reflection of radio- or microwave radar signals by flying objects.
In physics, specifically classical mechanics, the three-body problem is to take the initial positions and velocities (or momenta) of three point masses that orbit each other in space and calculate their subsequent trajectories using Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation. [1]
e 1, e 2, e 3 to the coordinate curves (left), dual basis, covector basis, or reciprocal basis e 1, e 2, e 3 to coordinate surfaces (right), in 3-d general curvilinear coordinates (q 1, q 2, q 3), a tuple of numbers to define a point in a position space. Note the basis and cobasis coincide only when the basis is orthonormal. [1] [specify]
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons , quarks , gauge bosons and the Higgs boson .