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In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. [1]
Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
An unpublished computational program written in Pascal called Abra inspired this open-source software. Abra was originally designed for physicists to compute problems present in quantum mechanics. Kespers Peeters then decided to write a similar program in C computing language rather than Pascal, which he renamed Cadabra. However, Cadabra has ...
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
In this case, s is called the least absolute remainder. [3] As with the quotient and remainder, k and s are uniquely determined, except in the case where d = 2n and s = ± n. For this exception, we have: a = k⋅d + n = (k + 1)d − n. A unique remainder can be obtained in this case by some convention—such as always taking the positive value ...
ALGLIB has an implementations in C++ / C# / VBA / Pascal. GSL has a polynomial interpolation code in C; SO has a MATLAB example that demonstrates the algorithm and recreates the first image in this article; Lagrange Method of Interpolation — Notes, PPT, Mathcad, Mathematica, MATLAB, Maple; Lagrange interpolation polynomial on www.math-linux.com
Three multiples can be subtracted (q 1 = 3), leaving a remainder of 21: 462 = 3 × 147 + 21. Then multiples of 21 are subtracted from 147 until the remainder is less than 21. Seven multiples can be subtracted (q 2 = 7), leaving no remainder: 147 = 7 × 21 + 0. Since the last remainder is zero, the algorithm ends with 21 as the greatest common ...
Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.