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Long-distance migration of the spruce budworm does occur as they can disperse across distances ranging from 20 to 450 km. In northern Minnesota, spruce budworm moths emigrate to the east lakeshore of Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada, because of seasonal changes. Dispersal is influenced heavily by temperature as low temperatures can slow down ...
Choristoneura freemani Razowski, 2008, western spruce budworm; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens, 1865), eastern spruce budworm; Choristoneura griseicoma (Meyrick, 1924) Choristoneura hebenstreitella (Muller, 1764), mountain-ash tortricid; Choristoneura heliaspis (Meyrick, 1909) Choristoneura improvisana (Kuznetsov, 1973)
Western spruce budworm caterpillar, sixth (final) instar. Adult moths are about 1 / 2 inch (12.7 mm) long and have a wing-spread of 7 / 8 to 1 1 / 8 inches (22 to 28mm). Moths of both sexes are similar in appearance, although the females are a bit more robust than males. Both sexes fly.
Spruce budworm (adult and pupa shown), a serious pest of forests, can be monitored using pheromone traps Main articles: Mechanical pest control , Insect trap , and Crop rotation Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects .
The eastern spruce budworm is an example of a destructive insect in fir and spruce forests. Birds are a natural form of biological control, but the Trichogramma minutum, a species of parasitic wasp, has been investigated as an alternative to more controversial chemical controls. [64]
The balsam fir is the preferred main host of the eastern spruce budworm, which is a major destructive pest throughout the eastern United States and Canada. [13] During cyclical population outbreaks, major defoliation of the balsam fir can occur, which may significantly reduce radial growth. [14] This can kill the tree.
[11] [15] without control, the state of Maine estimated their yields would drop 25% and Michigan has reported that they would lose 25–57% of the crop. [55] [56] Experiments with fungicide applications have reduced the incidence of mummyberry at harvest from 21–24% to 0.4% and increased yield by up to 34%. [57] [58] [59]
1976. Sign reads Warning Keep Out Pesticide Storage Area. Oregon and Washington cooperative western spruce budworm control project. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was first passed in 1947, giving the United States Department of Agriculture responsibility for regulating pesticides. In 1972, FIFRA underwent a ...