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The chain-ladder or development [1] method is a prominent [2] [3] actuarial loss reserving technique. The chain-ladder method is used in both the property and casualty [1] [4] and health insurance [5] fields. Its intent is to estimate incurred but not reported claims and project ultimate loss amounts. [5]
Ultimate loss amounts are necessary for determining an insurance company's carried reserves. They are also useful for determining adequate insurance premiums, when loss experience is used as a rating factor [4] [5] [6] Loss development factors are used in all triangular methods of loss reserving, [7] such as the chain-ladder method.
It is primarily used in the property and casualty [5] [9] and health insurance [2] fields. Generally considered a blend of the chain-ladder and expected claims loss reserving methods, [ 2 ] [ 8 ] [ 10 ] the Bornhuetter–Ferguson method uses both reported or paid losses as well as an a priori expected loss ratio to arrive at an ultimate loss ...
Table 1 (Males) and Table 2 (Females) are for life expectancy and loss for life. Tables 3 to 14 are for loss of earnings up to various retirement ages. Tables 15 to 26 are for loss of pension from various retirement ages. Table 27 is for discounting for a time in the future and Table 28 is for a recurring loss over a period of time. [9]
Actuarial notation is a shorthand method to allow actuaries to record mathematical formulas that deal with interest rates and life tables. Traditional notation uses a halo system , where symbols are placed as superscript or subscript before or after the main letter.
Another example is the use of actuarial models to assess the risk of sex offense recidivism. Actuarial models and associated tables, such as the MnSOST-R, Static-99, and SORAG, have been used since the late 1990s to determine the likelihood that a sex offender will re-offend and thus whether he or she should be institutionalized or set free. [9]
In insurance, an actuarial reserve is a reserve set aside for future insurance liabilities. It is generally equal to the actuarial present value of the future cash flows of a contingent event. In the insurance context an actuarial reserve is the present value of the future cash flows of an insurance policy and the total liability of the insurer ...
The actuarial present value (APV) is the expected value of the present value of a contingent cash flow stream (i.e. a series of payments which may or may not be made). Actuarial present values are typically calculated for the benefit-payment or series of payments associated with life insurance and life annuities. The probability of a future ...