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Esophageal inlet patches are well defined areas of mucosa which resemble stomach tissue and are pink or salmon colored. [2] The mucosal surface of an esophageal inlet patch is typically flat, [3] but may be slightly raised or slightly depressed. [2]
The usual appearance of portal hypertensive gastropathy on endoscopy is a mosaic-like or reticular pattern in the mucosa. Red spots may or may not be present. The pattern is usually seen throughout the stomach. [2] A similar pattern can be seen with a related condition called gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE), or watermelon stomach.
Diagram of the alkaline mucous layer in the stomach with mucosal defense mechanisms. The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, which contains the gastric pits, to which the gastric glands empty. In humans, it is about one mm thick, and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety.
The diagnosis of lymphocytic esophagitis is made by biopsy of the mucosal lining of the esophagus. This is typically achieved at the time of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a medical procedure wherein an endoscope is inserted through the mouth, into the esophagus, in order to visualize and biopsy the mucosa. [citation needed]
Owing to the causal relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric MALT lymphoma, identification of the infection is imperative. Histological examination of GI biopsies yields a sensitivity of 95% with five biopsies, [7] but these should be from sites uninvolved by lymphoma and the identification of the organism may be compromised by areas of extensive intestinal metaplasia.
The endoscopic appearance in eosinophilic gastroenteritis is nonspecific; it includes erythematous, friable, nodular, and occasional ulcerative changes. [21] Sometimes diffuse inflammation results in complete loss of villi, involvement of multiple layers, submucosal oedema and fibrosis. [22] [23]
Those with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (Type A gastritis) are statistically more likely to develop gastric carcinoma (a form of stomach cancer), Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and achlorhydria. Type A gastritis primarily affects the fundus (body) of the stomach and is more common with pernicious anemia. [1]
Endoscopy with biopsies of the esophagus has a 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity for diagnosing eosinophilic esophagitis. [8] Biopsy specimens from both the proximal/mid and distal esophagus should be obtained regardless of the gross appearance of the mucosa. Specimens should also be obtained from areas revealing endoscopic abnormalities.