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Many shipping services, especially air carriers, use dimensional weight for calculating the price, which takes into account both weight and volume of the cargo. For example, bulk coal long-distance rates in America are approximately 1 cent/ton-mile. [2] So a 100 car train, each carrying 100 tons, over a distance of 1000 miles, would cost $100,000.
The metabolic cost of transport includes the basal metabolic cost of maintaining bodily function, and so goes to infinity as speed goes to zero. [1] A human achieves the lowest cost of transport when walking at about 6 kilometres per hour (3.7 mph), at which speed a person of 70 kilograms (150 lb) has a metabolic rate of about 450 watts. [1]
Container ships are cargo ships that carry their entire load in truck-sized containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport . Informally known as "box boats," they carry the majority of the world's dry cargo.
Worldscale is a unified system of establishing payment of freight rate for a given oil tanker's cargo. Worldscale was established in November 1952 by London Tanker Brokers' Panel on the request of British Petroleum and Shell as an average total cost of shipping oil from one port to another by ship.
The supply of cargo ships is generally both tight and inelastic; it takes two years to build a new ship, and the cost of laying up a ship is too high to take out of trade for short intervals, [4] the way you might park a car safely over the winter. So, marginal increases in demand can push the index higher quickly, and marginal demand decreases ...
A contract of carriage is a contract between a carrier of cargo or passengers and the consignor, consignee or passenger. [1] [2] Contracts of carriage define the rights, duties and liabilities of parties to the contract, addressing topics such as acts of God and including clauses such as force majeure (removing liability for extraordinary occurrences beyond control of the parties).
For example, if a particular corn futures contract is trading at $3.50, while the current market price of the commodity today is $3.10, there is a 40-cent cost basis.
The typical obligations of a carrier by sea to a shipper of cargo are: to provide a seaworthy ship; to issue a bill of lading; to "properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried". [2] to proceed with "reasonable despatch" [3] to follow the agreed route (and not to deviate from it). [4] [5]