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Pre-colonial Africa was made up of ethnic groups and states that embarked on migrations depending on seasons, the availability of fertile soil, and political circumstances. . Therefore, power was decentralized among several states in pre-colonial Africa (many people held some form of authority and as such power was not concentrated in a particular person or an institution).
The education system in South Africa comprises three levels: primary education, secondary education, and higher education. Secondary schools include both junior high school and senior high school. [2] Higher education is divided into two parts: vocational education and university education. [3]
The institution of traditional leadership is regulated and monitored within the parameters of the Constitution of Zimbabwe. [3] [4] These leaders are put in position by the government of Zimbabwe [5] [6] to work with the people. A chief is not elected into office by popular vote, but through lineage, and is thus in office for life.
Secondary education has two cycles from age 15 to 16 years (grades 9 and 10) and from age 17 to 18 years (grades 11 to 12) leading up to the national exams. The Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination (EGSECE) is taken at the end of grade 10 and requires a pass in at least 5 subjects to pass to the next level.
[t]he formal education sector expanded rapidly after the revolution, but the fact that there are some weaknesses in the quality of education must now be recognized. The content and quality of education must fully prepare students to meet the objective demands of the nation and the ideological needs of society.
The Education Act of 1979 regulated access to each type of school through a zoning system based on residency. [16] Before the act, Zimbabwe's education system was divided between African and European schools. [16] After the shift in policy and leadership the education system split into government schools, community schools and private schools.
The Provincial Executive Committees (PECs) of the African National Congress (ANC) are the chief executive organs of the party's nine provincial branches. Comprising the so-called “Top Five” provincial officials and up to 30 additional elected members, each is structured similarly to the party's National Executive Committee (NEC) and is elected every four years at party provincial conferences.
Educational leadership is the process of enlisting and guiding the talents and energies of teachers, students, and parents toward achieving common educational aims. This term is often used synonymously with school leadership in the United States and has supplanted educational management in the United Kingdom.