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The Bulgars, at least the Danubian Bulgars, had a well-developed clan and military administrative system of "inner" and "outer" tribes, [112] governed by the ruling clan. [113] They had many titles, and according to Steven Runciman the distinction between titles which represented offices and mere ornamental dignities was somewhat vague. [ 114 ]
The early Bulgars were a warlike people and war was part of their everyday life, with every adult Bulgar obliged to fight. The early Bulgars were exclusively horsemen: in their culture, the horse was considered a sacred animal and received special care. The supreme commander was the khan, who mustered the army with the help of the aristocracy.
Due to the rugged terrain the advancing Byzantine army broke its order. Taking advantage of that mistake, Kardam ordered a counterattack which brought the Bulgarians a great success. [ 6 ] The Bulgarian cavalry went round the Byzantines and cut their way back to their fortified camp and the fortress of Marcellae. [ 5 ]
The Bulgars had built wooden ramparts in the swampy area near the Peuce Island. The marshes forced the Byzantines to attack from a weakened position and in smaller groups, which reduced the strength of their attack. With continuing attacks from the ramparts, the Bulgar defense eventually forced the Byzantines into a rout, followed up by the ...
[1] [2] Theophanes and Nicephorus record his rule after the Khazars defeated the Bulgars and Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated in 668 CE. [3] There is a scholarly theory that he may have been the same person as Bezmer [4] of the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans who may have been also the first son of Kubrat. [5]
[5] [6] Kuber and his associate Mauros subsequently attempted to seize Thessaloniki, taking advantage of a civil war in the city but were unsuccessful. [ 5 ] Kuber and those Sermesianoi who had not returned to their ancestral homes ultimately settled in the Keramisian field , most likely the Pelagonia plain in North Macedonia, hence their other ...
The Bulgars retaliated, and under the leadership of Isbul, the minister of Malamir, they reached Adrianople. At this time, if not earlier, the Bulgars captured Philippopolis and its environs. Several surviving monumental inscriptions from this reign make reference to the Bulgar victories and others to the continuation of construction activities ...
Let A be a strength 2, index 1 orthogonal array on an n-set of elements, identified with the set of natural numbers {1,...,n}. Choose and fix, in order, two columns of A, called the indexing columns. Because the strength is 2 and the index is 1, all ordered pairs (i, j) with 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n appear exactly once in the rows of the indexing columns.