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A sol is the apparent interval between two successive returns of the Sun to the same meridian (sundial time) as seen by an observer on Mars. It is one of several units for timekeeping on Mars. A sol is slightly longer than an Earth day. It is approximately 24 hours, 39 minutes, 35 seconds long.
Remarkably, the 37-sol period also accidentally almost divides several time quantities of interest at the same time. In particular: One Martian year is approximately equal to 18 × (37 sols) + 2.59897 sols; Two Earth-Mars synodic periods are approximately equal to 41 × (37 sols) + 1.176 sols
The basic time periods from which the calendar is constructed are the Martian solar day (sometimes called a sol) and the Martian vernal equinox year.The sol is 39 minutes 35.244 seconds longer than the Terrestrial solar day, and the Martian vernal equinox year is 668.5907 sols in length (which corresponds to 686.9711 days on Earth).
The first satellites designed for long term observation of the Sun from interplanetary space were NASA's Pioneers 6, 7, 8 and 9, which were launched between 1959 and 1968. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field.
If the Sun–Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres (330 ft), then the Sun would be about 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter (roughly two-thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3 mm (0.12 in), and Earth's diameter along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a flea (0.3 mm or 0. ...
Age of the Earth – Aluminum cycle – Arsenic cycle – Boron cycle – Bromine cycle – Cadmium cycle – Calcium cycle – Carbonate–silicate cycle – Chlorine cycle – Chromium cycle – Climate change – Copper cycle – Cycle of erosion – Dynamic topography – Dynamic topography – Earthquake cycle – Fluorine cycle – Glaciation – Gold cycle – Iodine cycle – Iron ...
11-3 Solar cycle 11: 1867 – Mar 9.9 1870 – Aug 234 89 3-5 11-9 Solar cycle 12: 1878 – Dec 3.7 1883 – Dec 124 57 5-0 11-3 Solar cycle 13: 1890 – Mar 8.3 1894 – Jan 147 65 3-10 11-10 Solar cycle 14: 1902 – Jan 4.5 1906 – Feb 107 54 4-1 11-6 Solar cycle 15: 1913 – Jul 2.5 1917 – Aug 176 73 4-1 10-1 Solar cycle 16: 1923 – Aug ...
Predicted to be a region of hot hydrogen, a structure called the "hydrogen wall" may be between the bow shock and the heliopause. [50] The wall is composed of interstellar material interacting with the edge of the heliosphere. One paper released in 2013 studied the concept of a bow wave and hydrogen wall. [51]