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Protogynous: (of dichogamous plants) having female parts of flowers developed before male parts, e.g. having flowers that function first as female and then change to male or producing pollen after the stigmas of the same plant are receptive. [6] Subandroecious: having mostly male flowers, with a few female or bisexual flowers. [24]
[note 1] A carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower—usually composed of the style, and stigma (sometimes having its individual ovary, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary) —and usually interpreted as modified leaves that bear structures called ovules, inside which egg cells ultimately form. A pistil may consist of ...
Location of ovules inside a Helleborus foetidus flower. In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the integument, forming its outer layer, the nucellus (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the female gametophyte (formed from a haploid megaspore) in its center.
The stigma, together with the style and ovary (typically called the stigma-style-ovary system) comprises the pistil, which is part of the gynoecium or female reproductive organ of a plant. The stigma itself forms the distal portion of the style, or stylodia, and is composed of stigmatic papillae , the cells of which are receptive to pollen.
In plants, male reproductive structures include stamens in flowering plants, which produce pollen. [3] Female reproductive structures, such as pistils in flowering plants, produce ovules and receive pollen for fertilization. [4] Mosses, ferns, and some similar plants have gametangia for reproductive organs, which are part of the gametophyte. [5]
The gametophyte is the multicellular structure (plant) that is haploid, containing a single set of chromosomes in each cell. The gametophyte produces male or female gametes (or both), by a process of cell division, called mitosis. In vascular plants with separate gametophytes, female gametophytes are known as mega gametophytes (mega=large, they ...
Sexual selection through female choice is perhaps a more difficult concept to apply to plants. There is evidence that females (or the female function of hermaphrodites) exercise choice, especially during fertilization. [2] These two mechanisms are the main driving forces of sexual selection in flowering plants.
In seed plants, a structure called the ovule contains the female gametophyte. The gametophyte produces an egg cell. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed containing the embryo. [14] In flowering plants, the female gametophyte (sometimes referred to as the embryo sac) has been reduced to just eight cells inside the ovule.