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  2. Rayleigh–Bénard convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh–Bénard_convection

    Buoyancy, and hence gravity, are responsible for the appearance of convection cells. The initial movement is the upwelling of less-dense fluid from the warmer bottom layer. [8] This upwelling spontaneously organizes into a regular pattern of cells. Rayleigh–Bénard convection produces complex patterns of frost damage in grass. [9]

  3. Convection cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_cell

    Convection is caused by yeast releasing CO2. In fluid dynamics, a convection cell is the phenomenon that occurs when density differences exist within a body of liquid or gas. These density differences result in rising and/or falling convection currents, which are the key characteristics of a convection cell. When a volume of fluid is heated, it ...

  4. Marangoni effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangoni_effect

    Another instance of the Marangoni effect appears in the behavior of convection cells, the so-called Bénard cells. One important application of the Marangoni effect is the use for drying silicon wafers after a wet processing step during the manufacture of integrated circuits. Liquid spots left on the wafer surface can cause oxidation that ...

  5. Henri Bénard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bénard

    He also measured the aspect ratio of the cells and discovered that there was a critical temperature below which no convection occurs. Unfortunately, he attributed this to the solidification of the fluid he was using (spermaceti, a whale oil that is solid at room temperature). Ironically, Bénard would much later become a skeptic about the very ...

  6. Convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection

    A fluid under Rayleigh–Bénard convection: the left picture represents the thermal field and the right picture its two-dimensional Fourier transform. Convection, especially Rayleigh–Bénard convection, where the convecting fluid is contained by two rigid horizontal plates, is a convenient example of a pattern-forming system.

  7. Reaction–diffusion system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction–diffusion_system

    The choice R(u) = u(1 − u) yields Fisher's equation that was originally used to describe the spreading of biological populations, [3] the Newell–Whitehead-Segel equation with R(u) = u(1 − u 2) to describe Rayleigh–Bénard convection, [4] [5] the more general Zeldovich–Frank-Kamenetskii equation with R(u) = u(1 − u)e-β(1-u) and 0 ...

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    mail.aol.com

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  9. Rayleigh number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_number

    In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (Ra, after Lord Rayleigh [1]) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free (or natural) convection. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It characterises the fluid's flow regime: [ 5 ] a value in a certain lower range denotes laminar flow ; a value in a higher range ...