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Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction (2010) Stanford, Jane. That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power, The History Press Ireland, Dublin 2011, ISBN 978-1-84588-698-1; Steward, Patrick, and Bryan McGowan. The Fenians: Irish Rebellion in the North Atlantic World, 1858–1876.
The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society, 1848–82 (Wolfhound Press, 1985) D'Arcy, William. The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–86 (Catholic University of America Press, 1947) Jenkins, Brian. Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction (Cornell University Press, 1969).
That led to O'Neill's imprisonment in July 1870 – he was sentenced to two years – but he and other Fenians were pardoned by President Ulysses S. Grant that October. Though he renounced the idea of further attacks on Canada, he changed his mind at the urging of an associate of Louis Riel , William Bernard O'Donoghue .
The leader of the Fenian Brotherhood, the scholarly John O'Mahony (who himself served as an officer in the Union Army), thought the Irish veterans should be deployed to Ireland post-haste for a rebellion there, funded by the Irish in America. However, Roberts quickly became the leader of a faction of Fenians with an alternative plan.
He attended the meeting of the Fenian Directory in London on 10 February 1867, and the following day was part of a crowd of around 1000 Fenians who attempted to storm Chester Castle to seize arms and ammunition. It was intended to ship the weapons to Ireland for use in a rebellion, but the plan was betrayed by an informer.
The Young Ireland movement had come to believe that in the wake of the failure of the Repeal Association, violence was the only alternative. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] O'Mahoney took part in the failed Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 , [ 3 ] [ 5 ] which largely fell apart as British authorities had become well aware of it before it commenced.
The Clerkenwell bombing was the most infamous action carried out by the Fenians in Britain. It resulted in a long-lived backlash that fomented much hostility against the Irish community in Britain. The events that led up to the bombing started with the arrest, in November 1867, of Ricard O'Sullivan Burke , a senior Fenian arms agent who planned ...
The Times newspaper reported that by the time the hangings took place, shortly after 8:00 am, "the mob were quiet and orderly", in contrast to the previous night and early morning. [ 43 ] The executioner, William Calcraft , was the most famous of the 19th century, but was reportedly nervous of executing Fenians, because of threats he had received.