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Rather than a single disease entity, periodontal disease is a combination of multiple disease processes that share a common clinical manifestation. The cause includes both local and systemic factors. The disease consists of a chronic inflammation associated with loss of alveolar bone. Advanced disease features include pus and exudates.
It is a likely outcome of untreated dental caries (tooth decay), and in such cases it can be considered a sequela in the natural history of tooth decay, irreversible pulpitis and pulpal necrosis. Other causes can include occlusal trauma due to 'high spots' after restoration work, extrusion from the tooth of root filling material, or bacterial ...
Eroded tooth enamel: Bulimia: Loss of deciduous and permanent teeth by late childhood: Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome Haim–Munk syndrome: Premature dentition (Natal teeth) Pachyonychia congenita type II: Grey–green discoloration of the mid-portion of permanent teeth: Minocycline-induced pigmentation: Brown discoloration of gingival third of teeth
To complete the diagnosis, the extent of the disease must be assessed. This is defined as: mild (1-2mm), moderate (3-4mm) or severe (≥ 5mm) depending on the amount of attachment loss present. Radiographs such as bitewings, intra-oral periapicals or a panoramic radiograph can be taken to help assess the bone loss and aid in diagnosis.
Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria—bacteriophages—are most common in the oral cavity. Viral roles in the progression of periodontal disease as of 2017 remains poorly explored. [1]
The term is derived from odonto-(Ancient Greek: ὀδούς, odoús – 'tooth') and -genic (Ancient Greek: -γενής, -γενῶς; -genḗs, -genôs – 'birth'). The most common causes for odontogenic infection to be established are dental caries, deep fillings, failed root canal treatments, periodontal disease, and pericoronitis. [2]
Tooth pathology is any condition of the teeth that can be congenital or acquired. Sometimes a congenital tooth disease is called a tooth abnormality.These are among the most common diseases in humans [1] The prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of these diseases are the base to the dentistry profession, in which are dentists and dental hygienists, and its sub-specialties, such ...
The gingival tissue forms a crevice surrounding the tooth, similar to a miniature, fluid-filled moat, wherein food debris, endogenous and exogenous cells, and chemicals float. The depth of this crevice, known as a sulcus , is in a constant state of flux due to microbial invasion and subsequent immune response.