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Many of the Hindi and Urdu equivalents have originated from Sanskrit; see List of English words of Sanskrit origin. Many loanwords are of Persian origin; see List of English words of Persian origin, with some of the latter being in turn of Arabic or Turkic origin. In some cases words have entered the English language by multiple routes ...
It is also spoken to some extent as an easier-to-learn variant of Hindi by South Indians and members of the South Asian diaspora who are more comfortable with English. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is on the rise, there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure ...
The widely recognised dialects include Malayali English, Telugu English, Maharashtrian English, Punjabi English, Bengali English, Hindi English, alongside several more obscure dialects such as Butler English (a.k.a. Bearer English), Babu English, and Bazaar English and several code-mixed varieties of English. [3] [4] [5] [6]
Many of these, however, are borrowed indirectly from Bengali or Marathi, [3] or given meanings based on English or Perso-Arabic derived words already in use in Hindustani. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Any tatsama vocabulary occurring in Punjabi is borrowed from Hindi/Urdu, [ 6 ] and likewise tatsama words in languages spoken further west are likely to be ...
As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one.
The formal Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been replaced by neologisms compounding tatsam words, is called Śuddh Hindi (pure Hindi), and is viewed as a more prestigious dialect over other more colloquial forms of Hindi.
Hindustani does not distinguish between [v] and [w], specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but conditional allophones of the phoneme /ʋ/ in Hindustani (written व in Hindi or و in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as [v] and when it is pronounced as [w].
Gujarati contrasts oral and nasal, and murmured and non-murmured vowels, [2] except for /e/ and /o/. [3] In absolute word-final position the higher and lower vowels of the /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ sets vary. [3] /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ developed in the 15th century. Old Gujarati split into Rajasthani and Middle Gujarati. [4] English loanwords are a source of ...