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These sites or holes can be filled with other atoms (interstitial defect). The picture with packed circles is only a 2D representation. In a crystal lattice, the atoms (spheres) would be packed in a 3D arrangement. This results in different shaped interstitial sites depending on the arrangement of the atoms in the lattice.
In BCC metals, interstitial sites of an unstrained lattice are equally favorable. The interstitial solutes create elastic dipoles. [14] However, once a strain is applied on the lattice, such as that formed by a dislocation, 1/3 of the sites become more favorable than the other 2/3.
For instance, in several common face-centered cubic (fcc) metals such as copper, nickel and platinum, the ground state structure of the self-interstitial is the split [100] interstitial structure, where two atoms are displaced in a positive and negative [100] direction from the lattice site. In body-centered cubic (bcc) iron the ground state ...
Interstitial sites refer to the empty spaces in between the atoms in the crystal lattice. These spaces can be filled by oppositely charged ions to form multi-element structures. They can also be filled by impurity atoms or self-interstitials to form interstitial defects .
[4] [5] The bcc and fcc, with their higher densities, are both quite common in nature. Examples of bcc include iron, chromium, tungsten, and niobium. Examples of fcc include aluminium, copper, gold and silver. Another important cubic crystal structure is the diamond cubic structure, which can appear in carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin.
Fundamentally, the Hume-Rothery rules are restricted to binary systems that form either substitutional or interstitial solid solutions. However, this approach limits assessing advanced alloys which are commonly multicomponent systems. Free energy diagrams (or phase diagrams) offer in-depth knowledge of equilibrium restraints in complex systems.
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A nearby pair of a vacancy and an interstitial is often called a Frenkel defect or Frenkel pair. This is caused when an ion moves into an interstitial site and creates a vacancy. Due to fundamental limitations of material purification methods, materials are never 100% pure, which by definition induces defects in crystal structure.