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Reconstructions of global temperature of the past 2000 years, using composite of different proxy methods. In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements [1] and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.
The temperature in the years 2011-2020 was 1.09 °C higher than in 1859–1890. The temperature on land rose by 1.59 °C while over the ocean it rose by 0.88 °C. [3] In 2020 the temperature was 1.2 °C above the pre-industrial era. [4]
Based upon the relative distribution of isoprenoidal GDGTs, Schouten et al. (2002) [6] proposed the tetraether index of 86 carbon atoms (TEX 86) as a proxy for sea surface temperature (SST). GDGT-0 is excluded from the calibration as it can have multiple sources [ 7 ] while cren is omitted as it exhibits no correlation with SST and is often an ...
The ice cores provide a proxy archive of temperature and atmospheric constituents that help to understand past climate variations. The preliminary GISP field work started in 1971 at Dye 3 ( 65°N 43°W / 65°N 43°W / 65; -43 ( Dye 3 ) ), where a 372 meter deep, 10.2 cm diameter core was recovered
In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography δ 18 O or delta-O-18 is a measure of the deviation in ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18 O) and oxygen-16 (16 O). It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation, as a measure of groundwater/mineral interactions, and as an indicator of processes that show isotopic fractionation, like methanogenesis.
People look at damage caused by an Israeli airstrike that hit tents outside a mosque in Deir al-Balah, in the central Gaza Strip, after an Israel-Hamas ceasefire agreement was announced by the U.S ...
The Chinese spy balloon that traversed across the US in 2023 was secretly fitted out with American technology that may have allowed it to spy on Americans.
Operative temperature is used in heat transfer and thermal comfort analysis in transportation and buildings. [10] Most psychrometric charts used in HVAC design only show the dry bulb temperature on the x-axis(abscissa), however, it is the operative temperature which is specified on the x-axis of the psychrometric chart illustrated in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions ...