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Most TCF pulp is produced in Sweden and Finland for sale in Germany, [31] all markets with a high level of environmental awareness. In 1999, TCF pulp represented 25% of the European market. [32] TCF bleaching, by removing chlorine from the process, reduces chlorinated organic compounds to background levels in pulp-mill effluent. [33]
Elemental chlorine free (ECF) is a technique that uses chlorine dioxide for the bleaching of wood pulp. It does not use elemental chlorine gas during the bleaching process and prevents the formation of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds , carcinogens .
The principal example is tert-butyl hypochlorite, which is a useful chlorinating agent. [3] Most hypochlorite salts are handled as aqueous solutions. Their primary applications are as bleaching, disinfection, and water treatment agents. They are also used in chemistry for chlorination and oxidation reactions.
Percent active chlorine in these materials ranges from 20% for bleaching powder to 70% for HTH. Potassium hypochlorite, KOCl. This was the first chlorine-based bleaching agent, which became available around 1785 under the name Eau de Javel or "Javel water". It is no longer commonly used, having been superseded by the cheaper sodium analog.
A 1966 patent describes the production of solid stable dihydrate NaOCl·2H 2 O by reacting a chloride-free solution of hypochlorous acid HClO (such as prepared from chlorine monoxide ClO and water), with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 255 mL of a solution with 118 g/L HClO is slowly added with stirring to ...
This bond is easily broken, giving rise to very reactive oxygen species, which are the active agents of this type of bleach. The main products in this class are: Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). It is used, for example, to bleach wood pulp and hair or to prepare other bleaching agents like perborates, percarbonates, peracids, etc. Sodium ...
A sample of fuller's earth in its raw state from Pakistan. Fuller's earth is a term for various clays used as an absorbent, filter, or bleaching agent. Products labeled fuller's earth typically consist of palygorskite (also known as attapulgite) or bentonite. [1]
Hydrogen peroxide is by itself a strong bleaching agent and should be used only in diluted form, such as a 3% solution in water. Hypochlorite plus peroxide releases triplet oxygen, which is itself a bleaching agent, but is short-lived in water solution. Reacting large amounts of peroxide can release enough oxygen to create a fire or explosion ...