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The scale is open-ended with the largest eruptions in history given a magnitude of 8. A value of 0 is given for non-explosive eruptions, defined as less than 10,000 m 3 (350,000 cu ft) of tephra ejected; and 8 representing a supervolcanic eruption that can eject 1.0 × 10 12 m 3 (240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column height of over ...
The volcanic explosivity index (commonly shortened to VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for measuring the strength of eruptions but does not capture all of the properties that may be perceived to be important. It is used by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program in assessing the impact of historic and prehistoric lava flows.
Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot Material volume (km 3) Age in Ka [1] Tephra or eruption name 6 Lolobau Island: Bismarck Volcanic Arc 50 12 caldera formation 6 Menengai: Great Rift Valley, Kenya < 25 12.3 Ruplax Tuff 6 Nevado de Toluca: Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: 20 12.5 Upper Toluca Pumice 6 Sakurajima: Kyūshū: 11 12.8
A supervolcano is a volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8, [1] the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles). [2] Location of Yellowstone hotspot over time.
Unlike the Richter scale, which measures the energy released by an earthquake, the Mercalli intensity scale measures the effects of an earthquake on structures and people. It is poorly suited for measuring earthquakes in sparsely populated areas but useful for comparing damage done by various tremors and historical earthquakes, and for ...
Modeling on an emission of 8.5 × 10 14 g of sulfur, which is 100 times the 1991 Pinatubo sulphur, volcanic winter has a maximum global mean cooling of 3.5 °C (6.3 °F) and returns gradually within the range of natural variability 5 years after the eruption. An initiation of a 1,000-year cold period or ice age is not supported by the model.
[10] [11] On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated at least a VEI-5. [ 1 ] [ 12 ] Described by scientists as a " magma hammer", the volcano at its height produced a series of four underwater thrusts, displaced 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) of rock, ash and sediment, and generated the largest atmospheric explosion ...
Mackenzie, Muschalik & Broesche (2021) provided comments on the 2018 report in three separately authored sections. [4] Broesche believes that Yellowstone should be ranked higher due to the size of the volcano and the popularity of Yellowstone National Park, and Muschalik considers Mount Rainier to be just as dangerous as Kilauea due to its proximity to large population centers in Washington.