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The Kipchak–Cuman confederation spoke a Turkic language (Kipchak languages, Cuman language) [26] whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Cuman, and Latin.
Cuman-Kipchak statue, 12th-13th century, Ukraine. Hence, Cumania diocese became part of the superior archbishopric of Esztergom, determining King Béla IV of Hungary to add "Rex Cumaniae" (King of Cumania) [ 10 ] to his titles in 1228, and later to grant asylum to the Cumans in face of the Mongol invasion.
The Codex Cumanicus is composed of several Cuman–Kipchak dialects. [140] The Cumans' language was a form of Kipchak Turkic and was, until the 14th century, a lingua franca over much of the Eurasian steppes. [141] [142] A number of Cuman–Kipchak–Arabic grammar glossaries appeared in Mamluk lands in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is ...
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In his 10th-century work, Ibn Haukal drew a map showing that Kipchak-Kimak tribes together with Oghuzes pastured in the steppes north of the Aral Sea, and al-Masudi at approximately the same time wrote that all of them were coaching along Emba and Yaik. In Middle East, the Cuman–Kipchak country began to be called Desht-i-Kipchak and Cumania. [18]
Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 1067–1239; ... as the Medieval Kipchak dialectal sound-change /k/ > ∅ had not yet happened in the mid-7th century Old Turkic, ...
Toksobich, Kolobich, Etebich, Tetrobich - Russian versions of Cuman-Kipchak chieftains captured in battle, may be any of the above forementioned or other individuals entirely. The Cuman-Kipchak base name would most likely be the equivalent of - Toks(o), Kolo, Ete, Tetr(o). [14] Lavor/Ovlur/Vlur, possibly a kinsman, aided Igor in his escape. [15]
The Cuman-Kipchak confederation played a significant role in the history of many nations in the region, including Georgia. At the peak of this power, from the 12th to the 13th centuries, Georgian monarchs enlisted thousands of Kipchak/Cuman mercenaries and effectively utilized their services in conflicts against neighboring Muslim states.