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In electrical engineering, current sensing is any one of several techniques used to measure electric current. The measurement of current ranges from picoamps to tens of thousands of amperes. The selection of a current sensing method depends on requirements such as magnitude, accuracy, bandwidth, robustness, cost, isolation or size.
The reed switch[i] is an electromechanical switch operated by an applied magnetic field. It was invented in 1922 by professor Valentin Kovalenkov at the Petrograd Electrotechnical University, [1] and later evolved at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 by Walter B. Ellwood into the reed relay.
A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere. In the Earth's magnetosphere, the currents are driven by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and by bulk motions ...
The integrated circuit sensor may come in a variety of interfaces — analogue or digital; for digital, these could be Serial Peripheral Interface, SMBus/I 2 C or 1-Wire.. In OpenBSD, many of the I 2 C temperature sensors from the below list have been supported and are accessible through the generalised hardware sensors framework [3] since OpenBSD 3.9 (2006), [4] [5]: §6.1 which has also ...
SMBus 2.0 defines a ‘High Power’ class that includes a 4 mA sink current that cannot be driven by I²C chips unless the pull-up resistor is sized to I²C-bus levels. NXP devices have a higher power set of electrical characteristics than SMBus 1.0. The main difference is the current sink capability with V OL = 0.4 V. SMBus low power = 350 μA
Bimetallic sensors can include a physical "anticipator", which has a thin wire touched on the thermostat. When current passes the wire, a small amount of heat is generated and transferred to the bimetallic coil. Electronic thermostats have an electronic equivalent. [5] When higher control precision is required, a PID or MPC controller is ...
NTC thermistors are widely used as inrush-current limiters and temperature sensors, while PTC thermistors are used as self-resetting overcurrent protectors and self-regulating heating elements. An operational temperature range of a thermistor is dependent on the probe type and is typically between −100 and 300 °C (−148 and 572 °F).
Thermal cutoff. An assortment of thermal fuses. A thermal cutoff is an electrical safety device (either a thermal fuse or thermal switch) that interrupts electric current when heated to a specific temperature. These devices may be for one-time use (a thermal fuse), or may be reset manually or automatically (a thermal switch).