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The Miller–Urey experiment was a synthesis of small organic molecules in a mixture of simple gases in a thermal gradient created by heating (right) and cooling (left) the mixture at the same time, with electrical discharges. The Miller–Urey experiment[ 1 ] (or Miller experiment[ 2 ]) was an experiment in chemical synthesis carried out in ...
Elephant's toothpaste. Elephant's toothpaste is a foamy substance caused by the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using potassium iodide (KI) or yeast and warm water as a catalyst. [1] How rapidly the reaction proceeds will depend on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. [2][3][4]
e. The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. The scientific method involves careful observation coupled with rigorous scepticism, because cognitive assumptions can distort the interpretation of the observation.
Cooling bath. A typical experimental setup for an aldol reaction. Both flasks are submerged in a dry ice/acetone cooling bath (−78 °C) the temperature of which is being monitored by a thermocouple (the wire on the left). A cooling bath or ice bath, in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low ...
The protoscience of chemistry, and alchemy, was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations. However, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard ...
The iodine clock reaction is a classical chemical clock demonstration experiment to display chemical kinetics in action; it was discovered by Hans Heinrich Landolt in 1886. [1] The iodine clock reaction exists in several variations, which each involve iodine species ( iodide ion, free iodine, or iodate ion) and redox reagents in the presence of ...
The Magdeburg hemispheres are a pair of large copper hemispheres with mating rims that were used in a famous 1654 experiment to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure. When the rims were sealed with grease and the air was pumped out, the sphere contained a vacuum and could not be pulled apart by teams of horses.
Carbon snake is a demonstration of the dehydration reaction of sugar by concentrated sulfuric acid. With concentrated sulfuric acid, granulated table sugar (sucrose) performs a degradation reaction which changes its form to a black solid-liquid mixture. [1] The carbon snake experiment can sometimes be misidentified as the black snake, "sugar ...
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