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A light fixture (US English), light fitting (UK English), or luminaire is an electrical lighting device containing one or more light sources, such as lamps, and all the accessory components required for its operation to provide illumination to the environment. [1] All light fixtures have a fixture body and one or more lamps.
The history of electric light is well documented, [11] and with the developments in lighting technology the profession of lighting developed alongside it. The development of high-efficiency, low-cost fluorescent lamps led to a reliance on electric light and a uniform blanket approach to lighting, but the energy crisis of the 1970s required more design consideration and reinvigorated the use of ...
A pendant light, sometimes called a drop or suspender, is a lone light fixture that hangs from the ceiling usually suspended by a cord, chain, or metal rod. [1] Pendant lights are often used in multiples, hung in a straight line over kitchen countertops and dinette sets or sometimes in bathrooms.
A passthrough in a kitchen A small passthrough. A passthrough (or serving hatch [1]) is a window-like opening between the kitchen and the dining or family room. [2] Considered to be a conservative approach to the open plan, [3] in a modern family home a passthrough is typically built when a larger opening is either precluded by the locations of structural columns or is impractical due to the ...
An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the ...
He designed modular houses, which would be mass-produced on the same plan and assembled into apartment blocks, neighborhoods, and cities. In 1923 he published "Toward an Architecture", with his famous slogan, "a house is a machine for living in." [ 26 ] He tirelessly promoted his ideas through slogans, articles, books, conferences, and ...
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