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Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between ...
Old English (Englis ċ or Ænglisc, ... A common scribal abbreviation was a thorn with a stroke ...
List of Latin abbreviations (Common Latin abbreviations that have been adopted by Modern English) List of medieval abbreviations (Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse)
O.S. – Old Style (The Julian calendar date. New Year's Day was held on March 25, the Feast of the Annunciation, or “Lady Day”. Although the Roman Catholic church adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582, England / Britain, a Protestant nation, didn't adopt it until 1752.) O.T. – Old Testament
A kenning (Old English kenning [cʰɛnːiŋɡ], Modern Icelandic [cʰɛnːiŋk]) is a circumlocution, an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech, used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse, Old English, and later Icelandic poetry. This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Kennings for a particular character are listed in that character ...
old ought’ve: ought have oughtn’t: ought not oughtn’t’ve: ought not have ’round: around ’s: is, has, does, us / possessive shalln’t: shall not (archaic) shan’ shall not shan’t: shall not she’d: she had / she would she’ll: she shall / she will she’s: she has / she is she'd'nt've (informal) she did not have / she would not ...
This sound was regularly realised in Old English as the voiced fricative [ð] between voiced sounds, but either letter could be used to write it; the modern use of [ð] in phonetic alphabets is not the same as the Old English orthographic use. A thorn with the ascender crossed was a popular abbreviation for the word that.
Abbreviations were frequently used in early English. Manuscripts of copies of the Old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example the Tironian et (⁊) or & for and, and y for since, so that "not much space is wasted". [5] The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such ...