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The pad is generated via some algorithm, that expands one or more small values into a longer "one-time-pad". This applies equally to all algorithms, from insecure basic mathematical operations like square root decimal expansions, to complex, cryptographically secure pseudo-random random number generators (CSPRNGs).
Gilbert Sandford Vernam (April 3, 1890 – February 7, 1960) was a Worcester Polytechnic Institute 1914 graduate and AT&T Bell Labs engineer who, in 1917, invented an additive polyalphabetic stream cipher and later co-invented an automated one-time pad cipher.
The one-time pad is, in most cases, impractical as it requires that the key material be as long as the plaintext, actually random, used once and only once, and kept entirely secret from all except the sender and intended receiver. When these conditions are violated, even marginally, the one-time pad is no longer unbreakable.
Stream ciphers can be viewed as approximating the action of a proven unbreakable cipher, the one-time pad (OTP). A one-time pad uses a keystream of completely random digits. The keystream is combined with the plaintext digits one at a time to form the ciphertext. This system was proven to be secure by Claude E. Shannon in 1949. [1]
With a key that is truly random, the result is a one-time pad, which is unbreakable in theory. The XOR operator in any of these ciphers is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack, since plaintext ciphertext = key. It is also trivial to flip arbitrary bits in the decrypted plaintext by manipulating the ciphertext.
Franklin Miller (January 19, 1842 – February 13, 1925) [1] was an American cryptographer, banker, and trustee of Stanford University.He invented the one-time pad in 1882, [2] 35 years before the patent issued to Gilbert Vernam.
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It is also a proof that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad. The paper serves as the foundation of secret-key cryptography , including the work of Horst Feistel , the Data Encryption Standard (DES) , Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) , and more. [ 5 ]